Strategic Thinking / Strategic Assets

Tangible Shareholders' Equity

$ and per/share

FRMO Corp, from spin-off creation to current

Date Equity* TBV Ann.
5/31/25 $352,984,615 $8.02 20.5%
5/31/24 $242,136,692 $5.50 19.3%
5/31/20 $114,998,841 $2.61 19.1%
5/31/15 $102,164,101 $2.34 25.6%
5/31/10 $37,291,173 $0.96 29.0%
5/28/05 $3,832,807 $0.11 5.0%
2/28/01 $3,267,449 $0.09
2/29/00 $10,000 $0.01

*2/28/01 and 5/28/05 BV adjusted to include remaining balance of $3.258 mill receivable from Control Group to buy 34.20 mill shares.

Cryptocurrency Mining Interests:

Winland Electronics (WELX) 45%
Consensus Mining & Seigniorage Corp (CMSC) 12%
Synteq Digital Inc. 8%
Digital Currency Group (private) 3%

Long-Horizon, Non-Conventional Asset Management

HorizonKinetics HorizonCommon Inc. (HKHC)
Equity Interest 4.42%
Royalty Interest 4.20%
AUM 12/95 $7 billion

Strategic Hard Assets: AI Datacenter Limiting Factors

Texas Pacific Land Corp (TPL) 2%
LandBridge Corp (LB) 1%
WaterBridge Infrastructure Corp (WBI) 3%
Permian Basin Royalty Tr. (PBT) 1%
Bolt Energy & Land (private)* 2%
$85 million

* Direct and indirect TPL and HKHC proportionate beneficial interests

Strategic Developing Securities Exchanges*

Miami Int'l Holdings (MIAX) 5%
CNSX Markets Inc. (private) 3%
Urbana Corp (URB-A.TO) 4%

* Direct and indirect TPL and HKHC proportionate beneficial interests